Mediating Role of Organizational Learning †Free Samples to Students

Question: Examine about the Mediating Role of Organizational Learning. Answer: Presentation Each association needs to prepare their representatives and for this ordinary sort of preparing is expected to cover significant work based abilities, instruments and methods alongside right information. For thee preparing and advancement, one should be increasingly hopeful and improve the way to deal with customary preparing. The idea likewise fills in as a guide which depends basically on what is useful for individuals and for the most part what can be beneficial for the organization. The most compelling motivation behind it is that preparation and advancement has confidence in exercises which can be useful for individuals with improved execution, consumer loyalty, by and large quality, successful control and the executives. Along these lines, acquiring a beneficial change the association. (Dhar, 2015). It must be about the total improvement of an individual and not just connected with the moving abilities or the customary level understanding of preparing. It is critical to be sens ible with right corporate level mentality with assumption regarding the preparation. Be that as it may, while beginning the program it is imperative to envision, see and talk about the dynamic methodology in creating individuals mind. The expanded profitability, less oversight and the activity fulfillment are a portion of the vital focuses for the advancement of the association which are required for the evaluation of both the businesses and the workers of the association. The idea of preparing and advancement can be characterized as association improvement in an arranged set up from top down methodology where associations generally speaking endeavors to upgrade the companys adequacy. Association improvement is practiced through appropriate obstruction during the time spent the organization by utilizing standard of conduct. The idea of association advancement is required to change the conviction framework, approach, qualities and by and large structure of organization so they can improve with adaption of new advances, showcases just as difficulties. Studies have likewise centered around that reality that hierarchical improvement isn't just about whatever should be possible to better an organization (Goetsch Davis, 2014). It is explicitly sort of change the procedure structured explicitly to bring results the extent that association advancement comprise of reflection, improvement in frameworks and self-investigation. The on-the-jo preparing, coaching, recreation and the electronic learning is significant as it center around the administrator the board, new worker direction, proficient aptitudes preparing and the client care preparing. The ability improvement is likewise useful for the adjustment in association, workers and different partners. To ensure that the workforce is well outfitted with the correct type of aptitudes, information and abilities to function admirably with the allocated work, preparing and advancement assumes a significant job for the improvement just as generally speaking accomplishment of the business. While choosing the correct sort of preparing, it is imperative to ensure that the workers gain the correct sort of abilities for the associations and the equivalent requires to be refreshed continually to get the best alongside new HR based activities (Brewster Hegewisch, 2017). To meet the present just as future requests in business, preparing and improvement process accept just as its procedure job depends on number of studies done by numerous specialists, have accomplished a lot of essentialness since this illuminates preparing and advancement rehearses in multifaceted viewpoint. It is imperative to comprehend that there is impressive measure of impact of preparing on the general execution of associ ation. The preparation and advancement is legitimate instruction process which includes the honing of the aptitudes and the upgrade of the exhibition. With this, the attention is on how the partners in the preparation are classes for the emphasis on the occupations that the individual will in general hold. The improvement of the exercises focusses on the association utilizing the person where the customers of preparing and advancement are the business organizers. A portion of the contentions are the issues identified with profession primarily in the middle of the representatives and the managers. Significance of preparing and advancement in an OD Preparing alongside advancement of profession is exceptionally urgent in any association that centers around the idea of progress or improvement. This happens to incorporate right sort of dynamic alongside deduction in an inventive way and the board of individuals (Ford, 2014). The idea of preparing and advancement is exceptionally vital since it help with managing shortcoming of workers: - Improving the exhibition of specialist Predictable in execution based obligation Ensuring that the worker is fulfilled Ascend in the degree of efficiency Improved in the nature of administrations and items Diminished expense Lessening in the need of oversight Ways to deal with preparing and advancement Receptive methodology: it is a conventional methodology in preparing that can be called as response based, driven by number of exercises and conveyance of specialized arrangement of aptitudes in a customary manner which implies in study hall setting and where preparing is an occasion centered capacities. Proactive methodology: in a learning set up of association, this methodology lines up with all sort of learning activities with the corporate technique of business and it points on advancement of capacities (Real et al, 2014). Dynamic learning approach: this methodology causes the learner to assume a vital job in learning just as investigating difficulties and circumstance based issues under the super vision of the facilitator. The learning occurs while approaching inquiries just as search for results and deciphering numerous sorts of perception made at the hour of procedure. The methodology of dynamic learning affects the general learning since it helps with holding it for since quite a while ago run and finding a greatly improved choice in shifted testing models. In the present time where everything is quick, the significance of learning has expanded further to succeed. Associations likewise need to ensure that the workforce is learning new abilities continually so they can remain refreshed with ascend sought after and the association can likewise increase significant level of serious edge in the market (David Schoorman et al, 2016). Distinguishing proof of preparing and advancement necessities There is an undeniable desire from the administrators that will talk about the necessities related with preparing and advancement with the staff part at any rate on yearly premise since it is a piece of execution survey and arranging system. The requirements from preparing and advancement for the workforce when delegated recently on the position must be examined in detail appropriately inside one month of their taking up the work. The preparation and advancement unit likewise should compose an organized preparing program for the staff on all branches and set up a meeting to meet the perceived requirement for the area gathering of divisions or occupation based gathering. The administration related with processing regulates the present program for the workforce and different organizations just as divisions that give preparing to the workforce as and when need emerges (Anitha, 2014). Outside preparing and advancement Organizations additionally have the choice to support the staff to go out and go to numerous outer course from time to time. It totally relies upon a definitive nature of the course just as the time alongside assignment on who will go for the preparation. There is additionally portrayal dependent on choosing the designation of the sub-board of the preparation and advancement which is done as per the segments structured. The charges alongside movement and convenience can be appropriate that can be met from a unified financial plan for preparing. Some other sort of situational cost are the responsibility of the selecting area (Hornstein, 2015). The individual from the staff is very much upheld from the present financial plan and are likewise expected to present a concise sort of report to the administration. It is likewise anticipated that further should pass the information just as aptitudes that were picked up in preparing to a more extensive gathering is done through workshops and c lasses. The job of the organization in putting resources into preparing and advancement is straightforwardly connected with the main concern inside the present business. With ascend in superior organization in right now, the general acknowledgment is done dependent on requirements to have best sort of preparing and advancement projects to build the serious edge in the association. Preparing and advancement is pivotal for each sort of association when the worth and in general capability of individuals that must be saddled and created. There are number of studies that have featured the reasonable association that exist between an all around organized and preparing and advancement activities and the main concern that exist inside the business (Reynolds, 2017). The general picture of the current business and individuals based administrators is additionally affected by the level and nature of workforce preparing and advancement. The imminent workers in such an open work power will assess the reco rd of all the possible chiefs in this essential field. Movement in profession just as by and large development is turning out to be increasingly more alluring with essential level requirements for some individuals from workforce. In the current business world, where each industry is experiencing a few or the other sort of lack in staff or essential aptitudes, association are confronting hardened rivalry inside just as remotely for great workforce. Each supervisor who can put intensely in zones of preparing and improvement will procure the upsides of a rich working society with significant level of maintenance in staff just as ascend in level of efficiency and effective execution (Reynolds, 2017). Preparing and advancement destinations The sort of preparing and advancement destinations perceived will depend on the persona

Exploratory Paper On Political Ideology History Essay

Exploratory Paper On Political Ideology History Essay Political belief system is characterized as a lot of goals and standards made for social request. In this manner, after much thought and consultation, I decided to chip away at Political Ideology. Legislative issues bids to me since I have been captivated by how it can rouse the majority with ground-breaking talking points by appealling characters. President Barack Obama is a political pioneer whom I enormously appreciate for his rhetoric expert articulation shown during his lady addresses in the U.S. Presidential Elections 2008. I was spellbound by his Yes We Can! discourse which moves the group to scatter all questions about their future and accepting that America will prevail under his administration. Marxism-Leninism and Maoism are socialism ordinarily yet takes on an alternate structure to oblige the conditions in their particular nations, Russia and China. Marxism-Leninism is a political philosophy that depends on Valdimir Lenins composing on the thoughts of Karl Marx. Marxism advocates communism while being vigorously basic on free enterprise which he accepts is the tyranny of the bourgeoisie, which implies a general public run by the higher classes of society to their own advantage. His concept of communism is that the general public will be controlled by the common laborers known as the tyranny of the low class. Marxs thoughts were vigorously impacted by the class battle in the public arena. One noteworthy occasion that exemplifies Marxism-Leninism belief system would be the 1917 October upheaval in Petrograd, right now known as St. Petersburg. Valdimir Lenin was the pioneer of the Bolshevik (socialist) Party that toppled the Russian Provisional government and made another type of Russia called Soviet Russia which obtained Marxism belief systems alongside it. The Bolshevik prevailed upon the help of most of the laborers and troopers as a result of the severe and dictatorial decision by the colonialist Tsar which brought about declining monetary and social conditions. The regular workers was discontent with long working hours, stuffed lodging issues with poor clean control, low wages which was made most noticeably terrible by increments in typical cost for basic items because of Russias contribution in World War one around then. In this manner Lenin-drove Bolshevik spoke to the majority and confronted little opposition when they arranged an upset, involving government structures and vital focuses. In China, Maoism is a political belief system that rides along the Marxism-Leninist line. Laborers and cultivating structures the principal and building squares of a communist society. The distinction between Lenins Russia and Maos China is tyranny of the average workers while another is the autocracy of the laborers. Mao Zedong ascend to the highest point of the Chinese Communist Party was completely stupendous. He was an establishing individual from the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and was effectively engaged with spreading Marxist plans to the workers in his old neighborhood of Hunan Province. The most noteworthy occasion throughout the entire existence of socialist China is The Long March in 1934-1935. During the Zunyi gathering, Zhou Enlai was expelled as the Chief Political Officer of the gathering while Mao Zedong was chosen Chairman of the Politburo with support from the military heads and he has never surrendered his situation since. Mao Zedong was acknowledged for bringing together China as a Peoples Republic and away from dominion (Qing Dynasty) and feudalism (War-Lords). Likewise, the Long March gave the Chinese Communist Party the notoriety that they are happy to suffer hardship for the individuals and to define approaches ashore change that would decrease the predicament of Chinese workers subsequently increasing wide help from the laborers. Another distinction from Marxism-Leninism is the profound conviction that man can win in brutal conditions and accomplished things through solid resolve. He by and by pushed through this philosophy during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) and the Cultural Revolution (1968-1976). Maoism philosophies can likewise be found in Peru and Nepal. Locally, Singapore additionally had brushes with socialist previously. The Barisan Socialis was a previous left-wing ideological group shaped in 1961 by previous individuals from the PAP (Peoples Action Party) and drove by Dr Lee Siew Choh and Lim Chin Siong. The gathering was blamed by the PAP to be a socialist front and considered a danger to national security which brought about numerous Barisan Socialis individuals captured and detained without preliminary during activity coldstore by the inner security division. Singapore, generally viewed as a majority rule society, would be naturally not be open minded of the Barisan Socialis, probably backers of socialism since that would be struggle of political belief systems. Notwithstanding, in light of a concentrate beneath, I felt that it could be reasons of a factional nature. In an as of late declassified Colonial office papers, Baron Philip Moore, who was Deputy High Commissioner of Britain in Singapore from 1963 to 1965, was cited as saying: He (Lee) proceeded to propose that so as to maintain a strategic distance from the Communists assuming control over, he would make a circumstance wherein the UK Commissioner would be power to suspend the Constitution. This may be done either by the Singapore Government welcoming a Russian exchange crucial Singapore along these lines compelling a sacred emergency, or by affecting uproars and turmoil, requiring the intercession of British soldiers. I did in any case, structure the feeling that he was very sure he would lose a general political decision and was truly playing with the idea of driving British intercession so as to keep his political foes from framing a legislature. (CO 1030/1149 p.95, para 3) Ever, after upheavals for a change in political belief system, there would be power battle for administration as can be found in the Chinese Communist Party. Mao Zedong cleared out all that compromises his situation as pioneer and began the Cultural Revolution. In the Soviet Union, after Lenins demise, Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky battled for capacity to lead. At long last, Stalin requested the death of Trotsky. The exercise to be gained from history is that force battles for administration occurs previously, during and after a transformation. Pioneers sticking to power would utilize all way to unite their status by dispensing with political opponents. It is no distinction paying little mind to political belief systems.

Invasion of the Stikmen

Invasion of the Stikmen Some of you that frequent the blogs may remember that last year around finals time, MIT had an invasion Well as I walked to lab last week, I noticed something interesting on a crosswalk on Memorial Drive. At first, I thought it was just a random piece of trash. but upon closer inspection I discovered this! What was that strange sticker doing on the crosswalk? Well I honestly had no idea the first time I encountered it And as I wandered around campus I stumbled upon yet another one! So I thought to myself, What are these strange creations?!? Baffled by these little men, I tracked down my friend Steven 15 (my go-to person for all MIT happenins) to ask him if he knew anything about them. As usual, Steven was in the loop. He mentioned how he had stumbled upon an article that talked about these creation named Stikmen. Turns out an anoymous artist has been placing these little guys in cities all over the US! Its pretty awesome that we can find a set of these around MIT! Theres a couple more of them around campus, but I didnt want to spoil the location of them all! If youre on campus, see if you can find some new ones (:

Georgia Wordsearch, Crossword Puzzle, and More

An Introduction to Immigration Principles, Law, and Policy

The Effect of Divorce on Children Free Essays

AN ESSAY The Effect of Divorce on Children Family values are highly praised. When the family is broken up it can lead to divorce and ultimately many negative implications. So what is effect of divorce on children? Is it always negative? Needless to say, in today’s society, divorce has become a norm in our lives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Divorce on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Married couples today split up due to many different reasons, either because of conflicts in the marriage, lost of romantic feelings, a spouse committing an affair or some other type of marriage problems. Most of these divorced couples have children that are very young and very often don’t have an idea how to deal with an event like a divorce. These children will have to learn to deal with their parent’s divorce, sometimes at very young age, affecting them in a positive or negative way. To begin with, divorce hurts children more than parents realize. It is always a traumatic experience in a person’s life, especially a child’s. When parents divorce, children are not always understand it. This omission can lead to problems with the child’s perception of daily life. The impact divorce has on a family is more prominent to the children of the family than the parents. First of all, children have many of their own daily struggles to cope with, such as peer pressure. Adults sometimes forget what it is like to be a child. Many parents do not realize how something like divorce could possibly affect their children as much as it does themselves. As the case may be, children are strongly affected by divorce as they experience some kind of emotional change. Children’s relationships with their friends and relatives may become damaged. Secondly, divorce can also create an unhappy, unfriendly environment for the children. They may not like the person that their mother or father has chosen to be with. This can cause conflicts between stepparents, parents, and children. Children would also have the mental problem of choosing which parent to live with. This can cause a child to be confused and stressed because of the love the child has for both parents. He or she may start to show favoritism towards one of the parents. What is more, kids may look towards other things or relationships to ensure the trust that they were deprived from. For example, children may start taking drugs to relieve them of the stress they have gone through with their parents divorce. Besides, divorce can also cause children to look at marriage as being negative rather than positive. Some children may have problems with future relationships due to the example they receive from their own parents. To my mind, divorce can have long lasting affects on children. Divorce will never be considered a positive solution, nor will children ever be not affected by it in a negative way. Before couples get divorce, they should consider their children first and how it will affect them. Divorce may be the way out for parents, but it always hurts children’s psychological and social health. How to cite The Effect of Divorce on Children, Papers

The Supermarket Case Analysis free essay sample

The story is about a supermarket chain with 12 stores all throughout NY, from the chic Manhattan to the cluttered Downtown. But as goes one of the clauses of the Darwinian Theory, the more deprived you are, more the competition, more the crime. So, understandably, the low income areas face a lot of vandalism, pilferage etc. causing a lot of overhead costs for the company. The company has a same-price policy which cannot be breached. So what does the distribution manager do? Simple! He decides to send the low quality and poorest cuts of meat to the stores in this region to maintain the profitability. Here comes the catch. Since the stores are facing losses in the region, the customer’s forced to go with less value for his well earned money. Seems like an ‘ethical dilemma’. Bingo!! It’s time for us, as Group 1, to step in. So, we were now supposed to analyse if the economic rationale of the manager was a justification sufficient enough for his decision to sell inferior goods to some of his clients. We will write a custom essay sample on The Supermarket Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Debate We decided to look at the case Kurosawa style i. . with diverse perspectives and thus came up with the debate format where both the sides were given an equal opportunity to put forward their case in terms of the ethical theories learnt in class and beyond. It’s an ethical evil!!! Hey!! It’s not that big a deal!! LogicEthical Theory usedLogicEthical Theory used The manager’s not only harming the customer’s interests but he’s also putting the company’s long term reputation at stake. Also, the asymmetry in information goes against the society’s norm of equal rights. Theory of Utilitarianism and John Rawls Theory of Fair Justice The company is providing services of a superstore in the area and thus benefiting a lot of people. The quality of the product is after all only a ‘little’ inferior. Theory of Utilitarianism It is also his duty to fulfil his customers’ requirements and provide them with similar quality of products for similar prices. Theory of DeontologyThe manager has the duty of earning profits for his shareholders by cutting down the overhead costs. Theory of Deontology The society believes in the idea of equal rights to every individual and so the manager’s action will be illegal in such a society. Theory of RightsSince the manager is not doing anything illegal, it is not unethical. Also the business of a business is to do business. What’s wrong in that? Theory of Managerial Egoism The manager’s decision makes the lower pecking order worse off by treating the lower income group regions as dumping grounds for inferior quality of goods. This is cheating and thus, a vice. Theory of Affirmative Action and Theory of VirtueThe vandals are from this locality (assumptions) and so the losses should be borne by the locales. Tit for Tat Similar incidents by Calvin Klein and Costco led to huge long term losses to them. Casuists’ TheoryBait and Switch is a common business practice followed worldwide. And the customer would never know. Casuists’ Theory The Consensus Whoa!! Didn’t know there were so many ethics-related viewpoints to a single dilemma. Well, all said and done, it was time to come to a common solution. The group’s solution for the store (with no consulting fee charged!! ) was straight forward – to invest in security measures, with crossed fingers that this actually is effective enough to considerably reduce the crime rate in the region. There are so many long term costs involved if we let the ‘quality differentiation’ strategy. Once this comes with out in media, the company’s image would have seen a define downfall. The core problem is ‘crime rate’ and not ‘overheads’ – so it makes perfect sense to increase the security measures and let the quality remain the same. The security costs will be distributed over a time. Also, being a low income area, the normal overhead costs like rentals and wages are already low giving us scope to invest in some fruitful security measure.

Work and the City Essay Example

Work and the City Essay Example Work and the City Essay Work and the City Essay In the â€Å"Allegory of California† and â€Å"Construction†, both artworks both graphically symbolized the condition of workers in the industrialized period but situated in two different locations, a rural place in a powerful first world country and a city at a developing nation. Mexican painter Diego Rivera’s mural represented the California landscape in which illustrated a workplace that connected the agricultural side with the advancements of technology. Rivera made a â€Å"positive view of the hybridization of the mechanical and the organic, of culture and nature† (Sackman 3). Meanwhile, Brazilian photographer Sebastiao Salgado’s photograph depicted a seemingly captured moment of a construction worker gazing at the beauty of the city at the expense of his own safety by merely hanging on unstable bars of steels without any safety precautions. According to Salgado, â€Å"photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organization of forms which give that event its proper expression† (cited in Ritchin, â€Å"The Lyric Documentarian†). Rivera showed the condition of workers during the 1930s while Salgado displayed the status of workers in the 1990s. The â€Å"Allegory of California† manifested the several types of work that were prevalent during that time. It showed farmers farming their crops, miners mining for gold, engineers creating new technologies and scientists conducting studies. The only endangerment that was demonstrated was the effects of technological advancements to nature and human workforce. The rise of the machines can destroy the beauty and richness of the beauty of nature and it can also replace the capabilities of human in terms of providing essential products and services. On the other hand, the â€Å"Construction† by Salgado showed a more evident form of danger for a worker. Thy physical aspect of the work environment illustrated the work hazard of the place because of the absence of precautionary safety elements such as safety harness, protective clothing, warning signs and other s. More so, the hanging position of the worker indicated the possibility or the imminent threat of falling hundreds of feet to the ground. This construction site at Rasuna complex of apartment and office buildings in the commercial and financial district of Kuningan in Indonesia showed the neglect of most employers over the safety of their workers. The mural of â€Å"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Allegory of California† was created by Rivera to remind the upper class that the resources that they have consumed and enjoyed were products of hard arduous labor of farmers and workers.   Rivera’s representation of the workforce emphasized their importance in the development of a society. However, through the combination of the â€Å"the labor of workers, the power of technology and, ultimately, the fertility of the earth,† the condition of social inequality is upheld and the commoditization of resources is actuated (Sackman 10). The images represented a stratified society wherein workers are at the bottom or middle level of the pyramid who do all the laborious works in order to provide for other members of the society. Meanwhile, the photograph of Salgado symbolized an unsung hero who performs his duties at the expense of risking his own life for monetary rewards. This scenario showed how countries like Indonesia, a developing country, have disregarded the condition of their labor force in order to minimize the cost of their project. Salgado in most of his photographs had demonstrated a very creative and subtle form of social conscience (Wald 4). Salgado makes sure that every image that he takes; he captures the essence of that image â€Å"including culture and the internal resources that allow for self-determination,† in which promotes compassion and awareness for the viewers† (cited in Ritchin, â€Å"The Lyric Documentarian†). Moreover, a mural compared to a photograph, I think that a photograph is more powerful and persuasive than a mural or a painting because in photographs reality is captured without any enhancements or alterations. Paintings and murals are artist’s outputs based on his understanding and perspective about the subject matter. A subject can either exaggerate or downplay depending on the artist’s mood or thinking. But photographs, particularly Salgado’s works, are â€Å"confined to the moment by the mechanics of the camera, which are drawn less to celebrating and taming an instant’s arbitrariness, their   material manifestations, but more to articulating their eternity, their ephemeral profundity, and to locating a mythic, entwining presence (cited in Ritchin, â€Å"The Lyric Documentarian†).

Determiners What They Are and How to Use Them

Determiners What They Are and How to Use Them Determiners: What They Are and How to Use Them We use determiners in front of nouns to show what they refer to. The difference between â€Å"a hat† and â€Å"my hat,† for instance, is that â€Å"my† shows that the hat belongs to me. This makes determiners very important for clear communication, so make sure you know which terms to use in different situations. Articles (The / A / An) Articles are the most basic determiners to specify what you’re discussing. They  come in two kinds: the definite article (â€Å"the†) and the indefinite article (â€Å"a† or â€Å"an†). The definite article – â€Å"the† – is used when we refer to something specific. If I say â€Å"I am going to the library,† for example, I have a particular library in mind (not just any library). The indefinite article is used when not referring to a specific entity. If I go looking for â€Å"a library,† I’m not searching for a specific library (any library will do). Possessives (My / Your / His / Her / Its / Our / Their) A possessive determiner indicates ownership, like with â€Å"my hat† above. Other singular determiners include â€Å"your,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"her† and â€Å"its.† Plural determiners (i.e., determiners used to indicate something belongs to a group) include â€Å"our† (â€Å"welcome to our party!†), â€Å"their† (â€Å"I don’t want to go to their party†) and â€Å"your† (â€Å"I’m glad I went to your party†). Note that â€Å"your† can be either  singular or plural. Demonstratives (This / That / These / Those) Demonstrative determiners usually tell us about the position of something relative to the speaker. â€Å"This† (singular) and â€Å"these† (plural) indicate something is close. â€Å"That† (singular) and â€Å"those† (plural) usually apply when something is far away. Determiners (This, That, These, Those) As with â€Å"the,† demonstratives  are used when we refer  to something in particular (e.g., â€Å"this cake† and â€Å"that cake† both refer to a specific cake, unlike â€Å"a cake†). We also use â€Å"this† to refer to something we have just mentioned. This makes it possible to follow on from a preceding sentence without having to re-identify the thing being discussed. Quantifiers (All / Any / Some / Every) This category of determiners includes a wide variety of terms relating to quantity, including â€Å"all,† â€Å"any,† â€Å"both,† â€Å"either,† â€Å"enough,† â€Å"a few,† â€Å"some,† â€Å"every† and many others. Like â€Å"a† or â€Å"an,† these words do not specify singular things, but nevertheless tell us something about the noun being described, usually to do with the number or quantity being discussed. In the sentence â€Å"I will cuddle every puppy,† for example, â€Å"every† shows I’m referring to every single puppy in the room, in the world, or every puppy available. In â€Å"I will cuddle any puppy,† meanwhile, the determiner â€Å"any† shows that, while I’m happy to cuddle a puppy, I will not necessarily commit to cuddling all of them. No matter how adorable they are. Sorry, little dude. Youll have to cuddle yourself. [Photo: Jonathon Kriz]

Should the United Kingdom Introduce a Written Constitution Essay

Should the United Kingdom Introduce a Written Constitution - Essay Example A constitution may come in two forms --the written and unwritten constitution. When these set of laws are put in writing and bound in a single document it is then called a written constitution, otherwise it is referred to as an unwritten constitution. Presently, most countries have formulated and are functioning and enforcing their laws through a written constitution. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) however is far removed from these modern day countries since they do not have a written constitution as yet.   Aside from these two countries, there are only a handful of countries that remain without a written constitution, namely--New Zealand, Israel and San Marino. Countries that function without a written constitution are similarly referred to as countries with an uncodified constitution as the sources of laws, governmental and individual rights are not contained in one fundamental instrument but rather embodied in a series of documents. The judicial branch makes use Acts of Parliament, Treaties, European Union Law, Common Law, Conventions and Works of Authority as their reference in deciding a case. Royal prerogatives and Parliamentary constitutional conventions are equally used as their sources of law.  From the given characteristics of a constitution the question still remains: Is there a need for the United Kingdom to introduce a written constitution? This paper aims to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of introducing a written constitution in the United Kingdom and to arrive at an educated opinion whether it would be best for the United Kingdom to create its own constitution. The position of the researcher is for the United Kingdom to maintain its current disposition on the grounds that it has long survived without a written constitution and it has created safeguards that would ensure that its citizens’ rights and liberties would be protected from the self-interest of those people in power.

English Language - Business Writing ( memmo and informal reports ) Essay

English Language - Business Writing ( memmo and informal reports ) - Essay Example ch allow readers to validate where the information stems from as well as to provide readers with the ability to personally investigate information† (Bolt, 2007). In the workplace, weblogs can allow the company to gain a deeper understanding of what â€Å"clients actually want, need and will pay money for† (Innovation Creators, 2007). This article on ‘How to use Blogs in the Workplace’ states the opportunity for personal motivation and focused business communication amongst the uses for weblogs besides public relations and marketing. When used to facilitate focused business communication, weblogs can be effectively used â€Å"as a platform to help people withing your company communicate about what they are doing for work† (ibid). Not many CEO’s use blogging mainly for reasons of time and the fact that it is more likely to be under scrutiny by employees (Jeremiah, 2007). However, if used carefully, it is quite simply an easy and powerful means of communicating. In fact, weblogs are a mass communications channel for company information, public relations as well as internal communications. And, the medium of technology makes the whole process of blogging easier. Through the Internet it is easy to reach a huge global audience not limited to the company or immediate market. Debbie Weil author of The Corporate Blogging Book says that, â€Å"an effective blog enables you to have a two-way conversation with customers and employees†. Also, weblogs can make effective use of a combination of images, audio and video content too besides text. The sheer quantity of webblogs is very large but Internet search tools are powerful in finding the precise information required. Weblogs also help to build connected businesses. Hyperlinks make it possible to link with related information from other writers. I strongly urge to consider the option of blogging to supplement your existing communication methods to reach out to your audience more effectively. It is a popular trend and

Production, consumption, and exporting of tea

Production, consumption, and exporting of tea QUESTION 1(i) Production, Consumption, and Exporting of tea Tea, like coffee is a typical favorable beverage among many. Tea is therefore produced in many countries. The annual world production of tea is about 2.9 million tones. Countries that have the most production of tea and largest tea plantation are China and India, followed by Kenya and Sri Lanka. China is the only country that produces non fermented tea (green tea), semi-fermented tea (Oolong tea), and other various kinds of fermented tea which also includes black tea. In India alone, the tea production is about 750,000 tones. Below are the total productions in tones of each country for the year 2006 and 2007 Productions in tones. Figures for years 2006 2007 Country 2006 2007 China 1,047,345 1,183,502 India 928,000 949,220 Kenya 310,580 369,600 Sri Lanka 310,800 305,220 Turkey 201,866 206,160 Vietnam 151,000 164,000 Indonesia 146,858 150,224 Japan 91,800 94,100 Argentina 72,129 72,000 Iran 59,180 60,000 Bangladesh 58,000 58,500 Malawi 45,009 46,000 Uganda 34,334 35,000 Other countries 189,551 193,782 Total 3,646,452 3,887,308 Tea is consumed around the world especially in British countries such as United Kingdom and Ireland, not forgetting the countries where tea is being produced. Tea is less favorable compared to coffee in countries such as America. Most of the tea consumed outside of East Asia is being produced in India or Sri Lanka. In Japan, green tea is a favorite for the locals, a mixture of green tea and hot water in a cup would do the trick for the Japanese. However, only green tea is consumed in Japan. Researches show that tea in terms of consumption is the most popular drink in the world. Exporting tea is a very common thing to do, in fact, the largest exporter of tea in the world is Kenya. China and Sri Lanka also plays very important roles in this sector. The growth in the export of tea is not just because of the demand, but also the heavy response to promote health benefits of tea consumption. QUESTION 1(ii) The influence of individual growers on the price of tea Individual growers are influenced by the price of tea. This is based on demand and supply. If demand for tea is high, growers and producers will then produce and supply more tea, on the other hand if the demand for tea is low, supply for tea by growers will also be less. Some Individual growers would also prefer to invest in the local market rather than export as to avoid heavy competition against other tea producing countries. QUESTION 1(iii) The role of transnational corporation in the tea market The role of a transnational corporation is to manage production and deliver services in more than one country. This corporation also plays an important role in the tea market. Tea companies such as Unilever and Tata tea have made a huge impact on the world market by setting up their own plantations and factories. Exporting and importing of tea has to go through the transnational corporation as most transport and shipping companies are controlled by them, thus making a stamp on the role of transnational corporations in the tea industry. QUESTION 2 Price of tea has been increasing since the year 2005, the demand and supply factors are the ones responsible for the increase. Despite the economic crisis in recent years, demands for tea has still been strong to many of its customers are an essential product. This is probably because of the health benefits from drinking tea. The demand for tea is income inelastic. However, some people may consider tea as an inferior good which is purchased at a larger amount compared to more expensive drinks, thus leading to an increase in price. China, one of the powerhouses in the tea industry is also growing in demand for tea as it has become one of the favorite beverages for the locals. Countries with rapid economic growth such as China, India, and Russia have resulted in locals with higher income, which will increasingly affect their spending behavior. They are allowing them to purchase branded and higher quality tea instead of cheaper and lower quality tea. As mentioned above, by being an inel astic product, increase in prices will not affect its consumers, as tea has its own alternative which requires small amount of income, therefore the rise in prices will not affect demand. As the demand for tea increases, the supply will also increase. This is based on the demand for tea as more people buy tea. Suppliers will then have to supply more tea in order to meet the requirements. Another supply factor would be the price of tea, as the prices of tea is increasing and still many people are consuming it, suppliers then have to supply more tea locally and in terms of export as this signals that they will make a profit base on the demand. Supply of tea is also affected by draughts. Those countries such as India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka are places where draught happens. Draughts will then lead to a lower supply rate of tea in these countries. Nevertheless, supplies of tea cannot easily be increases in a short period of time as that is the nature of the plant, thus affecting the world tea market by causing a rise in the price of tea. Below is a chart which shows the world demand and supply of tea from year 2004-2007 Alexander, A., 2009. Market and Industry Report-Russian Tea Market Research Report. [Online Image]. Available from: http://www.russiablog.org/2009/09/russian_tea_market_research_statistics.php [Accessed 03December 2009]. Among the countries that are famous for its tea production, India is one of the powerhouses in the tea market. Apart from dominating the world population as the second largest population in the world, India was also the second largest tea producer behind China during the year 2007. India also manages to produce an astonishing 945 million kg of tea that year. In terms of exporting wise, India came in fourth as the largest exporter of tea in the world with an exporting volume of approximately 178.75 million kg. In 2007, the Indian market size for tea is valued at $876.4 million and weighted 226.04 million kg. Retail prices for tea in India is very low compared to other countries such as Russia, for example, the average retail price of Indian tea is priced at $3.9 per kg , whereas it Russia it is priced at $20.2 per kg. This is probably caused by the exchange rate as the currency in Russia is stronger and more powerful compared to countries like India. Transnational corporations such as Tata tea and Unilever in India also help to play a role in the success of Indias tea industry. Plantations, processing factories, transport companies, and shipping agencies are all controlled by the corporation which helps the process of export and other actions smoothen. From year 2005-2008, the demand for tea has been exceeded by the supply in India. Not only in India actually, but the whole world which in this case supply has exceeded the demand for tea. This did not just happen accidentally, but rather intentional as it will help prevent the tea prices in India from dropping. Below is a table showing the demand and supply of tea in India Supply and Demand of tea in India Kg ( in millions) Demand ( consumption) Supply(production and import) 2005 757 963 2006 771 9006 2007 786 961 2008 802 1000 2006 was the start where recent buoyancy happened to tea prices. This turned out to be a relieve factor for most bulk tea players as they have been suffering from low and depressed prices of tea since 1999. In the past, after prices of tea had reached a peak in 1998, it went into a steady decline which produced an average domestic price of 76.43 per kg in 1998 which continued to drop in price which was 58.05 per kg in 2005. India then went on and suffered a lost in export markets. Among the factors were lack of market initiative by Indian investors in search of export markets, failure to check spurious varieties of tea and graded them as premium, high quality tea which then affected the image of the Indian tea market, and higher cost of production compared to other rival countries. Factors like these have led to India losing out in the export market, nevertheless leading to an increased supply in the domestic market. Quality factors also play an important role in determining the pric e and export. The above can be good examples of why price of tea in India can be quite volatile from year to year. Price of tea can also be affected by natural disasters such as typhoon, flooding, and draughts. In which reduces the supply of tea thus lower export rates. Last but not least, economic factors such as currency rates or inflation are able to affect and determine the price of tea. QUESTION 3 A change in price of tea would affect the economy of a country. Take India for example, an increase in the price of tea would mean good profit returns for the tea market as well as an advantage for bulk tea players who have invested large amounts of money into the tea industry. An increase in the price would mean that they have made a profit whereas if the price decreases, tea players would then suffer a loss. Judging from all areas, an increase in the price of tea would not fully bring benefits to the economy of the country. If the price increases, therefore cost of production for tea would also increase. When this happens, not all tea industries in India would want to export their tea as it may be too costly at their expense, which will lead them to invest in the domestic market. If there is a drop in price, transnational corporations such as Tata tea and Unilever will then take necessary actions to increase the price to a stable condition. A drop or increase in price will also aff ect the economy of India tremendously as India is one of the powerhouses in the world tea market, therefore little changes could make a big impact on the country. When competition for tea is too high in the market, price of tea will be affected negatively as there are too many suppliers comparing with each other in order to overpower the tea market. On the other hand, if competition for tea is low, this automatically raises the price of tea due to low supply. If demand for tea is high, wages of workers will increase as more workers are needed at the plantation and other tea processing facilities. Wages or workers in this case are determined by competition of tea as well as market power. In order to obtain market power, strong firms such as Unilever and Tata tea should be certain of a few items, tea that is either sold domestically or for export purposes should be of quality tea leaves, this is important as it can gain the trust and confidence of customers domestically and abroad. Te a corporations should also control the volume of tea being sold or exported as they would like to meet the requirements of the demand and supply situation, too much tea being produced would result in wastage. Supply networks also helps build up market power in the corporation, for instance, corporations should have export agencies to assist them in matters regarding export of tea to other countries. Overseas agents should also be hired as they can work as a link between the domestic market and overseas market, agents overseas can also help by sourcing and delivering information regarding other corporations which are in the same business. This can then help the domestic corporation plan their market strategies better. If the tea corporation has succeeded in obtaining a big share in market power, wages of workers in the corporation will increase simultaneously as they are crucially needed in order to smoothen and fasten the process of production of tea. Each step in producing tea will require manpower. Therefore workers are crucial at this stage.

Death of a Parent Essay

I believe we are defined by events that happen throughout our lives both passivity and negatively. Most of the events that change people’s paths often happen suddenly in their life and sometimes have long term effects. Whether it is a personal, religious, life style, or even a career change the fact still remains the cause for change was caused by the event. The statements above are true for my life; my life was about to change forever. This is the day I found out my mother had only six months to live, I was only 19 years old. I was picking my mother up from a routine follow-up appointment she had at Keesler Air force Base Hospital in Biloxi Mississippi, on the afternoon of 3 March 1997. I was walking up the steps of the hospital when I saw her walking out her face was pale I asked her if she was ok, her response was no. At this point in time everything went silent she asked me to sit down on the steps but I couldn’t I just wanted to know what was wrong. My mother while holding my hands then told me the results of the test and that she had liver cancer and it was untreatable. I was frozen not knowing what to say I just grab her and held her close and begun to cry. She told me to stop crying because she was going to need me to be strong for her and my brothers, that she wanted her last six months to be happy memories not sad ones. Let’s step back for a moment so I can explain the relationship I had with my mother because it was not your normal one. My mother was so much more to me than just a mom, she was my best friend I told her everything and she told me everything. We spent many late nights talking about everything in life from how our day went to what life would hold for us in the future. My mother was one of those people who never wanted or asked for anything for herself but was one who gave everything and would do anything for her children. When I say her children I don’t just mean her biological ones, she took care and provide for so many more, whether it was local neighbor hood, friends, family, co-workers and sometime even complete strangers who just need help. I remember many nights sitting at the kitchen table with people eating dinner with us who I did not know and many of them I would never see again after that night. My mom would always say we don’t have much but what we do have is sometimes way more than what others have. My mother was the strongest person I ever known, who also had the biggest heart. Two years before we found out she only had six months to live my mother kicked breast cancers ass. At least so we thought until the cancer showed back up in her liver and the doctors only gave her six months to live. At first nothing changed for her life or mine after finding out the bad news in fact she made me promise not to tell my brothers or anyone else. She continued working up to about the last two months. That is when things started to fall apart. The first thing to go for my mother was her memory. I can remember coming home from work and my mother talking to me about going camping like I was five years old. Not knowing how to handle it I just played along with the conversation, it seemed to make her happy. This went on and off for about two weeks and then things really started heading down hill pretty quick. I had to get help from hospice care, to have help taking care of her, because she was basically bedridden and unable to care for herself. Hospice came into our home and set up a medical bed and other medical equipment in our formal living area, this was the open area in our house. At this point I quit my job to take care of her because hospice care was only coming to the house like twice a day the rest was up to me. I had made a promise to her not to let her die in a hospital and I was trying to keep that promise. As the days went on the care became more and more demanding not really physical but mentally. I was doing everything thing for her, from bathing, changing her clothes, and bed pan to forcing her to take the meds she still need to take for pain control. At this point she was no longer able to speak, it seemed like her mind was completely gone just a blank stare. My breaking point was met, I was unable to care for my mother at home anymore she had pretty much slipped into a coma. I had to have my mother moved to the hospital, I couldn’t keep that promise I made her and still to this day I beg for forgiveness from her. She was only in the hospital for three nights before she passed. My brothers and I took turns at night staying with her and my night was night three. That night was a special night, it was her birthday. On the night she passed away we got her a birthday cake and song happy birthday to our mother for the last time. After singing happy birthday and blowing out the candles we each gave her a hug. When it became my turn to give her a hug I told her it was ok for her to go, that we will be ok and I love you. It wasn’t long after that she passed away at the age of 40. Not long after my mother died my life begun to fall apart. I could not deal with people always asking me if I was ok or if I needed anything. I started pushing everyone away and shutting out the ones I love. I needed to make a positive change in my life because my mother would not want me to live this way. So I joined to U. S. Army and left home and everybody I loved. I didn’t really have a plan I just knew I needed my space and this was the only way I was going to get it. In fact I wrote a letter to my girlfriend breaking up with her on my flight to Germany, after I had completed all my initial training. I was completely alone for the first time after my mother died. Not a day goes by that I do not think about my mother and how her passing changed my life. Today I live my life the way I believe she would have wanted me to, with an open mind, trying to see the positives in every situation I find myself in. There are things I wish I would have handled differently when it comes to my love ones I left behind when I joined the Army. My mother’s passing away changed my life in so many ways and has dad a major impact on the way I raise my kids, I do not take the time I have with them for granted. You never know when your time is up, so I say make the most of it and never wait until tomorrow to tell someone you love them.

The Stigma Of Mental Health - 1095 Words

INTRODUCTION The stigma in the mental health system is deeply rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illness and the biggest constraint in its prevention, there is a huge gap between literature and real practice (Kelly et al, 2010). This essay is a reflection on two newspaper articles on schizophrenia to provide a brief account of personal observation, common misconceptions, scientific truth and mainstream issues that needs an immediate attention. PERSONAL OBSERVATION The very right question which I personally believe every individual should ask of them before jumping into any conclusion o n schizophrenia is why and how they are different. There is a little difference between schizophrenic people and common mass, although the effects of being schizophrenic are risky as compared to effect of actions by common mass. I am privileged to spend some time with schizophrenic patients. The actions carried out by them are oriented towards fulfilling their wishes, dreams, wants, etc. But what makes them different is their illness that distorts their actions and lands them into trouble. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Mental Health Stigma1178 Words   |  5 Pages To many a stigma is a disgraceful flaw, that of a negative presence. In mental health this stigma is overwhelming. Approximately 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in any given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness) People in dire need of help are not seeking it. Mental illnesses are going undiagnosed. The mental health stigma is having a negative impact on the proper diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. A stigma can simply be defined as a mark of disgraceRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health968 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The stigma in mental health system is deep rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illness andRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1992 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica is a country so focused on changing physical health. The real question though is why is mental health being ignored? Mental health is an issue that is ravaging our country from the inside out. Our mentally ill are being stigmatized against just because they are seen more different than the rest of society. Upon further research into the subject it is showing that this issue is beginning with our youth. This discrimination agains t the mentally ill we are taught leaks into our adult lives whichRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1785 Words   |  8 PagesThe Stigma on Mental Health is an issue I strive to expose daily. I was raised by a parent who suffers from mental health and addictions issues and then had a child with someone with similar issues. More recently I have witnessed my best friend struggle to find support for her eight year old son who has a complex clinical profile. Watching so many people I love struggle daily to receive support and basic empathy, I feel I have become somewhat of an expert on the effects of stigma on mental healthRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1990 Words   |  8 PagesPeople with mental disorders were considered as vulnerable in the society due to the limitations in their rights. Such a situation of individuals cause oppressions as a result of dominant discourse prejudice. The capabilities of people with mental health histories often underestimated by the community. T he result of such discrimination is devastating for individuals with mental health concerns. The focus of mental health intervention has undergone changes since its introduction. The treatment servicesRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Mental Health1641 Words   |  7 PagesMost people with mental health illness feels diminished, devalued, and fearful because of the prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviours that society held towards them. The stigma associated with mental health illness often marginalized and disenfranchises the affected individuals and families in the society, which means that they â€Å"may experience discrimination in areas of health care, employment, education, justice, and housing†(1). The feeling of fear to be discriminated against limitedRead MoreReducing Mental Health Stigma1854 Words   |  8 PagesReducing Mental Health Stigma As a member of college society, what are you doing to prevent mental health stigma? We live in the world where it is a great deal to be accepted by others and get approved, and college is the place where most students rush to get this acceptance. It is a beginning of independence and new experiences for students. Most students leave their house and start the first step of building a whole new future; no parents are there to tell them what is right and what is wrong,Read MoreMental Health And The Stigma Of Mental Illness3249 Words   |  13 PagesConfronting Stigma Related to Mental Illness This paper is an analysis of mental health and the stigma that is associated with mental illness. The reputation accompanying mental illness causes detrimental effects on those with a psychiatric disorder, such as discrimination, poor health outcomes and social suffering. This is partly due to a lack of public education on the matter, along with attributions of violence related to mental illness caused by news reports. A multi-faceted campaign to increaseRead MoreMilitary And Mental Health Stigma2723 Words   |  11 Pages Military Mental Health Stigma SOWK 636 Kari Brown University of Southern California Introduction There is concern about military service members receiving stigma about getting or needing treatment in the area of mental health. Stigma occurs when individuals view others negatively because they have been labeled or identified as having a deviant behavior against societal norms; deviant behaviors such as mental illnesses or diagnoses uncommon or harmful to others. How does thatRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Health Stigma1253 Words   |  6 Pagesa serious illness that affects all aspects of ones life. The omnipresence of mental illness is increasing in our time era. Our society’s mental health stigma is the basis for why countless of people do not receive the needed help, even as their lives begin to crumble. The prejudice faults placed on the one suffering from the disease hold back our efforts to progress with treatments and move positively with mental health. Dr. Kay Jamison was a senior in high school when she began experiencing the

Company Law and the Corporate Veil - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2023 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction As the day company is formed, it can be said that the company is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“incorporatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . As the company uniqueness is that it provides for effective separation of resources and managements of its resources and it is further compounded on the fact that the owner of the capital can limit his or her liability to the third parties. Therefore the company is recognized as a separate entity and it is treated in its own capacity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Company Law and the Corporate Veil" essay for you Create order In nowadays business companies, it can be seen that companies have both advantages and disadvantages in measuring the limited liability of the shareholders on the basis that the company is liable for its debts and obligations. Therefore, double-edged sword is created which means it has both good and bad elements. In this assignment, details about the doctrine of separate legal entity will be analyzed. Also statements of features of company as separate legal entity and circumstances the veil of incorporation will be lifted will be analyzed with reference to some cases. Doctrine of separate legal entity In company law of Malaysia, a company is treated as a separate legal entity from its members constituted in it which is its shareholders and directors. This is the doctrine of separate legal principle. The company is a different separate body from its member. Thus, the members of the company are not liable for the company debts. For instance, when a company turn into a contr act, the company itself will personally liable for the contract rather than the shareholders and the directors. Therefore, a company is a corporate body. A corporation is an artificial legal person that exists independently of the individuals who at any given time are the members of the corporate body. This principle was established by the House of Lords in Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd[1]. The rule of Agency An agency is a relationship where one person consents or is deemed to have consented that the other person should act on its behalf so as to affect its relations with third parties. Features of Separate Legal Entity At the time the company is incorporated, it is a separate legal person, it brings forth some effect which can be the features of it. Under section 16(5) of the Companies Act 1965 states that, once a company had been incorporated, the company had all the ability as an incorporated company. For instances, it is means that the company can enjoys its right and f unction as a legal person. Company that incorporated is a legal personality that is created and recognized by the law as stated by Salleh Abbas F.J in Tan Lai v Mohamed bin Mahmud. When a company register under Companies Act, it becomes vested with corporate personality which is an independent legal person and separate from its members. For instance, the company is a legal person. In Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd. (1987)[2], unsecured creditors claimed that the company never had an existence of independent although it was incorporated. They claimed that it was Salomon himself trading under another name, but the House of Lords held Salomon Co. Ltd. must be regarded as an independent person from Salomon. This is because of the fact that the company was not role as an agent for the member. Thus, Salomon and the others are mere subscribers of the company although he owned all the issued shares. Hence, Salomon could enforce its rights against the company as a secured creditor. Furth ermore, the company also has the ability to sue and be sued in its own name. Therefore, a company can make legal action to enforce its right. It was established in the case Foss v Harbottle[3] where action brought by the members of the company made an injury complain towards the company and it was fail. Therefore the member could not take action on behalf of the company. Besides, a company has perpetual succession which means members may join and leave, but the company will continue go on. When a company become incorporation, it will continue operate until it is dissolved according to the Companies Act 1965. Under the case of Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd[4], the court allowed the representative personal of the deceased to appoint the directors of the company so that the directors could allow the transfer of the shares to child. This proves that although the shareholders had leave but the company is still exiting and continue go on. Other than that, a company also has abilit y to own property on its own name. According to section 16(5) a company has power given to own personal land and other types of property. While company is separate legal person from its member, the member has no legal right and interest with the property and it is belongs to company. In case Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Ltd[5], Macaura owned a tree plantation which was covered by an insurance policy. Later he sold the plantation to a company which he was the only shareholder. After the sale, Macaura continued to insure the plantation in his own name. A fire broke out and the plantation was destroyed. Macaura then attempted to claim on the insurance policy but the insurance company refused to pay. The issue was whether Macaura had an insurable interest at the time of the loss. It was help that the insurance company was right in not paying. The plantation company was a legal entity in its own right, separate from its shareholders. Other than that, in a corporate body, the share holders of the company can enjoy limited liability. While a company is a separate legal entity, the shareholders are not liable for the debts and the liability is limited by shares. Therefore, creditors have no rights to take any legal action against the shareholders. In case Ye Yut Een 1978[6], the director of the company is not liable for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debt. It is the company who had not complied with the procedures related to the retrenchment benefits. Lifting The Veil of Incorporation Although the company has privilege as separate legal entity, it must not be used for any unlawful or illegal business purposes, in case a fraudulent or dishonest use is made of the legal entity, the concerned individuals will not be allowed to take the shelter of the corporate personality. The court will disregard the corporate veil to see the real persons behind it. Generally, the law will not go behind this veil of incorporation to look at the membership of the company. But the courts will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lift the corporate veilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in some exceptional cases. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd case have decided that the members of the company are not liable for any contract that contracted by the company. This will cause they may have a chance hiding behind the veil to defraud the creditors and other parties that contracted with the company. The court will pierce the corporate veil by applying the principle known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"piercing the corporate veilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. When there is no entity separate from members, the court will pierce the corporate veil and take action. After that the court will make the company and its members liable for any breach of contract. The veil of incorporation can be lifted in according to situation provided under statutory provision and by judicial interpretation under the common law. For instance, section 36, Companies Act 1965 states that if the number of members of a company is reduced to below tw o and its carries on business more than six months, the person who is a member of the company during the time that is so carries on business after those six months, and is aware of it, the person is personally liable for all the debts that the company contracted after those six month and he may be sued therefor. According to the section 304(2), Companies Act 1965, together with the section 303(3), provide that an officers who knowingly contract a debts on behalf of the company. It means borrow money and knowing that that the company is most likely unable to pay the debt is guilty of an offence and on conviction be made personally liable to pay that debt. Under section 304(1), Companies Act 1965 provides that when a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intention is to purposely defraud its creditors, the veil of incorporation is lifted. In the course of the winding up of a company or in any proceedings against a company it appears to the court when hearing the application of the liquidat or or any creditor or contributory of the company that any business of the company has been carried on with intent to defraud creditors of the company or creditors of any other person or for any fraudulent purpose, the court may hold any persons who were knowingly parties to the fraud personally responsible for all or any of the debts or other liabilities of the company as the court directs. Under section 365(2), Companies Act 1965 provides that any payment of dividend not from profit is prohibited. Any payment made of dividends to shareholders is personally liable by the director towards the creditors of the company when there are no profits available. There are also situations where the court thinks it is appropriate and it will lift the veil of incorporation at common law. The situation whereby the veil of incorporation is lifted where the company is acting as agent or partner of the controlling or parent company. Group of the companies the problems can be complex. Subsidia ry own and fund money of a business has been held to do so as agent for the holding and parent company. So, holding and parent company actually operating business. This is applied in case Smith, Stone and Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (1939)[7]. Besides, the veil of incorporation will be lifted when there is a group of companies, including holding and subsidiary company, the court can lift the veil and treat a company and its subsidiary as one economic unit. In case DHN food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Concil[8], subsidiary company owns a piece of land while the DHN which is parent company operated the business on the land. The local authority purchases the said land. The DHN claimed compensation for disruption. The local authority refused to pay the compensation on the grounds that the land did not belong to DHN. The court lifted the veil of establish that DHN is connected with the subsidiary company as treated as one economic unit, they did suffer a lo ss as a result of acquisition from the local authority and allowed to claim the compensation. At last, lifting the corporate veil can also assist in the prevention of fraud. In case Aspatra Sdn Bhd Ors v Bumiputra Bank Malaysia Berhad (BBMB)[9], Lorrain Osman, one of the director of Aspatra Sdn Bhd, was once a director of Bumiputra Bank Malaysia Berhad, must account for the secret profit he made in breach the fiduciary duty. To avoid detection Lorrain Osman had channeled the monies which is the secret profit he make into several companies that he controlled, one is the Aspatra Sdn Bhd. BBMB feared that the money Lorrain Osman took would leave Malaysia and applied for an injunction. The veil lifted to reveal that the assets of Aspatra Sdn Bhd belong to the Lorrain Osman and the injunction was accepted. Conclusion In conclusion, it clearly stated that the doctrine of separate legal entity have created double-edged swords to the shareholders of the company. Although it brings many features to the shareholders but it also have drawback towards the company itself and creditors in some situation. Hence, there will be some defects of incorporation. However, lifting the veil of incorporation by the court will reduce the defects of incorporation. [1] SALOMON v SALOMON CO LTD [1897] A.C. 22, House of Lords [2] SALOMON v SALOMON CO LTD [1897] A.C. 22, House of Lords [3] Foss v Harbottle(1843) 67 ER 189 [4] Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 561 [5] Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd[1925] AC 619 [6] Yee Yut Ee(978)2 MLJ 142 [7] Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp[1939] 4 All ER 116 [8] DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council[1976] 1 WLR 852 [9] Aspatra Sdn Bhd v Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd (1988) 1 MLJ 97